S. Bochner, Intercultural Mediation: A Continuing Inquiry, 1981.

B. Braidwood, S. M. Boyce, and R. Et-cropp, Start and Run A Profitable Tour Guiding Business, 1996.

B. Bramwell and B. Et-lane, Interpretation and Sustainable Tourism: The Potential and the Pitfalls, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.1, issue.2, pp.71-80, 1993.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203358825_chapter_2

K. Bras, Image-building and Guiding on Lombok: the Social Construction of a Tourist Destination, PhD Dissertation, 2000.

K. Bras, Dusun Sade: Local Tourist Guides, the Provincial Government, and the (Re) presentation of A Traditional Village in Central Lombok, Pacific Tourism Review, vol.4, pp.87-103, 2000.

P. M. Burns and A. Et-holden, Tourism: A New Perspective, 1995.

R. W. Butler, Sustainable Tourism -looking Backward in Order to Progress, Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective, pp.25-34, 1998.

R. W. Butler, Sustainable tourism: A state???of???the???art review, Tourism Geographies, vol.6, issue.1, pp.7-25, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/09669589608667263

L. A. Cai and R. H. Et-woods, China's Tourism-service Failure, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, vol.34, pp.30-39, 1993.

L. K. Caldwell, Political Aspsects of Ecologically Sustainable Development, Environmental Conservation, vol.27, issue.04, pp.299-308, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(69)90140-2

Z. X. Cao, A Shallow Discussion on Tour Guide Management. Tourism Investigation 3, 2005.

A. Chan, Towards An Improved Understanding of Tour Services and Customer Satisfaction in Package Tours, The 2 nd Asia-Pacific CHRIE (Apac CHRIE) Conference & the 6 th Biennial Conference on Tourism in Asia Proceedings, pp.27-29, 2004.

J. C. Chang, Tourists' Satisfaction with Tour Leaders' Performance. The 2 nd Asia-Pacific CHRIE, Apac CHRIE) Conference & the 6 th Biennial Conference on Tourism in Asia Proceedings. 27-29 mai, 2004.

P. Chassande, Développement durable, pourquoi ? Comment ?, Edisud, pp.91-110, 2002.

C. Chen, How to Formulate New Characteristics for Hainan's Tourism, 2006.

Z. X. Chen, New Challenges Faced in Tourism Training and the Countermeasures, 2001.

Z. X. Chen and C. G. Yu, Thinking on Strategic Development of Education in China's Tourism Academy, 2002.

Z. X. Chen and C. G. Yu, The Ten Relations in Tapping and Managing Tourism Talent Compendium of Talented Personnel Plan for China's Tourism in the 10 th Five Year Period, Survey Report on the Personnel Resources Status of Tour Guides throughout the Country China National Tourism Administration: Major Statistics of China Tourism, 2000.

H. Coccossis, Tourism and Sustainability: Perspectives and Implications, 1996.

E. Cohen, Jungle Guides in Northern Thailand ??? The Dynamics of a Marginal Occupational Role, The Sociological Review, vol.25, issue.3, pp.234-266, 1982.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-954X.1982.tb00756.x

E. Cohen, The tourist guide, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.12, issue.1, pp.5-29, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(85)90037-4

J. Craik, Are there cultural limits to tourism?, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.15, issue.2, pp.87-98, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0261-5177(82)90047-4

J. L. Crompton, Motivations for pleasure vacation, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.6, issue.4, pp.408-424, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5

J. L. Crompton, Dimensions of the social group role in pleasure vacations, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.8, issue.4, pp.550-568, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(81)90041-4

B. Ctga, Canadian Tour Guide Association of British Columbia, 2005.

H. Dahles, The Politics of Tour Guiding, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.29, issue.3, pp.783-800, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00083-4

A. Decrop, Triangulation in qualitative tourism research, Tourism Management, vol.20, issue.1, pp.157-161, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00102-2

D. Kadt and E. , Social planning for tourism in the developing countries, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.6, issue.1, pp.36-48, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90093-8

P. Ding and J. Et-pigram, Environmental Audits: An Emerging Concept in Sustainable Tourism Development, The Journal of Tourism Studies, vol.6, issue.2, pp.2-10, 1995.

B. Farrell, Tourism as an Element in Sustainable Development: Hana, Maui, Tourism Alternatives, pp.115-132, 1992.

B. H. Farrell, Conventional or Sustainable Tourism? No Room for Choice, Tourism Management, vol.20, pp.189-191, 1999.

. Feg-european, Federation of Tour Guides Association, Cultural Sensitivity in Interpretive Tourism, 1991.

S. L. Gao and J. Wu, The Current Status and Trends of Tourism Law Enforcement in China and the Countermeasures. Tourism Investigation Vo l . 12, 2003.

B. Garrod and A. Et-fyall, Beyond the rhetoric of sustainable tourism?, Tourism Management, vol.19, issue.3, pp.199-212, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00013-2

A. Geva and A. Et-goldman, Satisfaction measurement in guided tours, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.18, issue.2, pp.177-185, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(91)90002-S

K. B. Godfrey, Attitudes towards ???sustainable tourism??? in the UK: a view from local government, Tourism Management, vol.19, issue.3, pp.213-224, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00020-X

R. E. Goldsmith, L. R. Flynn, and M. Et-bonn, An Empirical Stud of Heavy Users of Travel Agencies, Journal of Travel Research, vol.33, issue.1, pp.38-43, 1994.
DOI : 10.1177/004728759403300105

B. Gorman, Seven Days, Four Countries: the Making of a Group, Urban Life, vol.7, issue.4, pp.469-492, 1979.

C. A. Gunn, Tourism planning, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.7, issue.4, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(80)90057-2

G. Gurung, D. Simmons, and P. Et-devlin, The Evolving Role of Tourist Guides: the Nepali Experience, Tourism and Indigenous People, pp.107-128, 1996.

C. M. Hall, The Politics of Heritage Tourism: Place, Power and Representation of Va l u e s i n the Urban Context Quality Management in Urban Tourism, 1997.

M. Hall, I. Mitchell, B. Springett, and D. Et-springett, Interpreting the Geological Heritage of Moa's Ark: the Ice and Fire Trail, Eco-tourism (Incorporating the Global Classroom) 1991 International Conference Papers, pp.44-51, 1991.

S. Hall, New Cultures for Old A Place in the World? Places, Cultures and Globalisation (p.175-211), 1995.

S. Hall, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, 1997.

D. Hapgood, The Role of Popular Participation in Development Report of A Conference on the Implementation of Title. IX of the Foreign Assistance Act, 1968.

R. Harris and N. Et-leiper, Sustainable Tourism: An Australian Perspective, 1995.

J. Heinen, Emerging, diverging and converging paradigms on sustainable development, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.22-33, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/1310258

J. Henderson, Ethnic Heritage as a Tourist Attraction: the Peranakans of Singapore, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol.9, issue.1, pp.27-44, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/1352725022000056613

J. C. Holloway, The guided tour a sociological approach, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.8, issue.3, pp.377-402, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(81)90005-0

P. Hooper, Evaluation Strategies for Packaging Travel, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, vol.4, issue.2, pp.65-82, 1995.
DOI : 10.1300/J073v04n02_05

S. Hounnaklang, Profiles and Roles of Tour Guides: A Comparative Study between Thailand and the UK. The 2 nd Asia-Pacific CHRIE, Apac CHRIE) Conference & the 6 th Biennial Conference on Tourism in Asia Proceedings, 2004.

J. Howard, R. Thwaites, and . Et-smith, Investigating the Roles of the Indigenous Tour Guide, The Journal of Tourism Studies, vol.12, issue.2, pp.32-39, 2001.

W. Hu and G. Et-wall, Environmental Management of Tourist Attractions: Towards Sustainability. Presentation to Hospitality, Foodservice & Tourism Research and Education: The Asian Waves, 2003.

W. Hu and G. Et-wall, Economic and environmental symbiosis in a tourism attraction: an example from Hainan, China, International Journal of Tourism Research, vol.21, issue.4-5, pp.295-310, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/jtr.533

L. E. Hudman and D. E. Hawkins, Tourism in Contemporary Society: An Introductory Text, 1989.

K. Hughes, Tourist Satisfaction: A Guided ???Cultural??? Tour in North Queensland, Australian Psychologist, vol.27, issue.2, pp.134-166, 1991.
DOI : 10.1080/00050069108257243

C. Hunter, Key Concepts for Tourism and the Environment, 1995.

. Green, Tourism and the Environment: A Sustainable Relationship?, p.52

C. J. Hunter, On the need to re???conceptualise sustainable tourism development, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.13, issue.1, pp.155-165, 1995.
DOI : 10.1080/09669589509510720

C. Hunter, Sustainable tourism as an adaptive paradigm, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.24, issue.4, pp.850-867, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00036-4

C. Hunter, Aspects of the sustainable tourism debate from a natural resources perspective, Sustainable Tourism: A Global Perspective, pp.3-23, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-7506-8946-5.50005-8

B. Ingham, The meaning of development: Interactions between ???new??? and ???old??? ideas, World Development, vol.21, issue.11, pp.1803-1821, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-750X(93)90084-M

E. Inskeep, Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach, 1991.

D. Ioannides, A flawed implementation of sustainable tourism: the experience of Akamas, Cyprus, Tourism Management, vol.16, issue.8, pp.583-592, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0261-5177(95)00081-X

I. L. Kou, The Effectiveness of Environmental Interpretation at Resource-Sensitive Tourism Destination, International Journal of Tourism Research, vol.4, pp.87-101, 2002.

B. Lane, Sustainable Tourism: A New Concept for the Interpreter, Interpretation Journal, vol.49, pp.1-4, 1991.

M. Lanfant and N. Et-graburn, International Tourism Reconsidered: the Principle of the Alternative, Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism, pp.88-112, 1992.

N. Leiper, Tourism Systems: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, 1990.

S. Lélé, Sustainable development: A critical review, World Development, vol.19, issue.6, pp.607-621, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-750X(91)90197-P

D. Light, Heritage as Informal Education, Heritage, Tourism and Society, pp.117-145, 1995.

X. L. Liu, Studies of the Current Status of and Management Strategies on Tour guides in Zhejiang Province, Tourism Research, vol.1, 2005.

J. Lofland and L. H. Et-lofland, Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis, 1995.

J. P. Lozato-giotart and B. M. Et, Management du tourisme : les acteurs, les produits, les marchés et les stratégies, p.343, 2004.

D. Maccannell, Empty Meeting Grounds: the Tourist Papers, 1992.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203412145

R. March, The Japanese Travel Life Cycle, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, vol.11, issue.1-2, pp.185-200, 2000.
DOI : 10.2307/3150589

S. Mccabe, CONTESTING HOME: TOURISM, MEMORY, AND IDENTITY IN SACKVILLE, NEW BRUNSWICK, Canadian Geographer / Le G??ographe canadien, vol.24, issue.3, pp.231-245, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1541-0064.1998.tb01893.x

S. F. Mccool, Linking Tourism, the Environment, and Concepts of Sustainability: Setting the Stage, Linking Tourism, the Environment, and Sustainability. Topical volume of compiled papers from a special session of the annual meeting of the National Recreation and Park Association, 1994.

I. Mcdonnell, The Role of the Tour Guide in Transferring Cultural Understanding, Working Paper Series, issue.3, 2001.

P. E. Mckean, Cultural Involution: Tourists, Balinese, and the Process of Modernization in An Anthropological Perspective. Unpub. Doctoral dissertation, 1973.

B. Mckercher, A chaos approach to tourism, Tourism Management, vol.20, issue.4, pp.425-434, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00008-4

B. Mckercher and H. Et-du-cros, Cultural Tourism: the Partnership between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management, 2002.

B. Mcleod, The Mediating Person and Cultural Identity, 1981.

S. Mcminn, The Challenge of Sustainable Tourism, The Environmentalist, vol.17, issue.2, pp.135-141, 1997.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1018504117490

D. Miltin, Sustainable Development: A Guide to the Literature, Environment and Urbanization, vol.4, pp.111-124, 1992.

P. Miosset, « Le tourisme durable, un concept opérationnel », Cahiers Espaces, p.200, 2000.

C. Mok and R. Et-armstrong, Leisure Travel Destination Choice Criteria of Hong Kong Residents, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, vol.4, issue.1, pp.99-104, 1995.

G. Moscardo, Mindful visitors, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.23, issue.2, pp.376-397, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(95)00068-2

G. Moscardo, Making Visitors Mindful: Principles for Creating Sustainable Visitor Experiences through Effective Communication, 1999.

G. Moscardo, Interpretation and Sustainable Tourism: Functions, Examples and Principles, The Journal of Tourism Studies, vol.14, issue.1, pp.112-123, 2003.

L. Mossberg, Tour leaders and their importance in charter tours, Tourism Management, vol.16, issue.6, pp.437-445, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0261-5177(95)00052-P

H. Müller, The thorny path to sustainable tourism development, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.2, issue.3, pp.131-136, 1994.
DOI : 10.1080/09669589409510690

P. Murphy, Tourism and sustainable development, Global Tourism: the Next Decade, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-7506-7789-9.50016-9

N. Nbsc, National Bureau of Statistics of China China Statistical Yearbook, 2004.

H. Nozawa, A marketing analysis of Japanese outbound travel, Tourism Management, vol.13, issue.2, pp.226-234, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0261-5177(92)90064-E

C. S. Ooi, Cultural Tourism and Tourism Culture: the Business of Mediating Experiences in Copenhagen and, 2002.

. Oxford, The Oxford English Dictionary VI, 1989.

. Oxford, The Oxford American Dictionary and Language Guide, 1999.

A. Parasuraman, V. A. Zeithaml, and L. L. Berry, A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Its Implications for Future Research, Journal of Marketing, vol.49, issue.4, pp.41-50, 1985.
DOI : 10.2307/1251430

M. Q. Patton, Chapter 9: Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, 1990.

P. L. Pearce, Tourist-guide interaction, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.11, issue.1, pp.129-146, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(84)90100-2

D. Pearce, E. Barbier, and A. Et-markandya, Sustainable Development, Economics and Environmental in the Third World, 1990.

A. Pizam, Y. Neumann, and A. Et-reichel, Dimentions of tourist satisfaction with a destination area, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.5, issue.3, pp.314-322, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(78)90115-9

K. Pond, The Professional Guide: Dynamics of Tour Guiding, 1993.

S. I. Porrath, Foreword, Applied Acoustics, vol.41, issue.4, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-682X(94)90090-6

J. M. Poynter, Tour Design, Marketing & Management, 1993.

B. R. Prideaux, Korean Outbound Tourism: Australia's Response, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, vol.1, issue.1, pp.93-102, 1998.
DOI : 10.1300/J073v01n01_07

I. Quiroga, Characteristics of package tours in Europe, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.17, issue.2, pp.185-207, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(90)90083-4

R. T. Reilly, Handbook of Professional Tour Management (2 nd edition), 1991.

L. K. Richter, Gender and Race: Neglected Variables in Tourism Research, 1995.

M. Robinson, Cultural Conflicts in Tourism: Inevitability and Inequality, Tourism and Cultural Conflicts, 1999.

W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-communist Manifesto, 1960.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511625824

C. J. Schmidt, The Guided Tour: Insulated Adventure, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, vol.7, issue.4, pp.441-467, 1979.
DOI : 10.1177/089124167900700402

R. Sharpley, Sustainability: A Barrier to Tourism Development? Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues, 2002.

P. J. Sheldon, The tour operator industry, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.13, issue.3, pp.349-365, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(86)90025-3

B. J. Shen, The studies of the tourism theory and tourism methodology, TOURISM TRIBUNE, SPECIAL ISSUE ON BASIC THEORYAND EDUCATION, vol.9, pp.7-12, 1999.

B. J. Shen, The studies of the tourism theory and tourism methodology, p.9, 2006.

M. Stabler and B. Et-goodall, Environmental Auditing in Planning for Sustainable Island Tourism Sustainable Tourism in Islands and Small States: Issues and Policies, pp.170-196, 1996.

E. J. Stewart, M. H. Glen, K. Daly, and D. Et-o-'sullivan, To Centralise or Disperse ??? A Question for Interpretation: A Case Study of Interpretive Planning in the Brecks, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.9, issue.4, pp.342-355, 2001.
DOI : 10.1080/09669580108667406

G. Sun, Tourism: A Cause worthy of our devotement, 2005.

R. Taft, The Role and Personality of the Mediator The Mediating Person: Bridges between Culture, 1981.

T. Steege, K. Stam, S. Et-bras, and K. , Mountain Guides in Lombok: Pathfinders up Gunung Rinjani, Tourism and Small Entrepreneurs: Development, National Policy, and Entrepreneurial Culture: Indonesian Cases, 1999.

F. Tilden, Interpreting Our Heritage, 1967.

C. Tosun, Roots of unsustainable tourism development at the local level: the case of Urgup in Turkey, Tourism Management, vol.19, issue.6, pp.595-610, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00068-5

C. Tosun, Challenges of sustainable tourism development in the developing world: the case of Turkey, Tourism Management, vol.22, issue.3, pp.289-303, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00060-1

T. Guide and M. Measures, China's National Tourism Administration, 2001.

R. K. Turner, D. Pearce, and I. Et-bateman, Environmental economics, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/1-4020-4494-1_114

L. Twining-ward, Towards Sustainable Tourism Development: Observations from A Distance, Tourism Management, vol.20, pp.187-188, 1999.

J. Urry, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies, 1990.

C. A. Vogt and D. R. Et-fesenmaier, Tourists and retailers' perceptions of services, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.22, issue.4, pp.763-780, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(95)00039-9

G. Wall, International Collaboration in the Search for Sustainable Tourism in Bali, Indonesia, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.4, issue.1, pp.38-47, 1993.
DOI : 10.1080/09669589309450699

G. Wall, Towards A Tourism Typology, Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, and Managing, pp.45-58, 1993.

G. Wall, FORUM: Is Ecotourism Sustainable?, Environmental Management, vol.21, issue.4, pp.483-491, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s002679900044

G. Wall, Sustainable Development: Political Rhetoric or Analytical Construct?, Tourism Recreation Research, vol.6, issue.3, pp.89-91, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-7383(96)00009-6

D. Wang, La recherche sur l'origine du tourisme chinois, Revenue d'université de tourisme à Guilin, pp.8-9, 1999.

K. C. Wang, A. T. Hsieh, and T. C. Et-huan, Critical service features in group package tour: An exploratory research, Tourism Management, vol.21, issue.2, pp.177-189, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00047-3

Y. Wang and P. J. Sheldon, The Sleeping Dragon Awakes:, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, vol.4, issue.4, pp.41-54, 1995.
DOI : 10.1300/J073v04n04_03

B. Weiler, T. Johnson, and D. Et-davis, Roles of the Tour Leader in Environmental Responsible Tourism, Eco-tourism (Incorporating the Global Classroom, 1991.

B. Weiler and D. Et-davis, An exploratory investigation into the roles of the nature-based tour leader, Tourism Management, vol.14, issue.2, pp.91-98, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0261-5177(93)90041-I

B. Weiler and S. Ham, Perspectives and thoughts on tour guiding, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-7506-5627-6.50027-4

B. Weiler and S. H. Et-ham, Tour guides and interpretation., 2001.
DOI : 10.1079/9780851993683.0549

B. Weiler and S. H. Et-ham, Tour Guide Training: A Model for Sustainable Capacity Building in Developing Countries, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.10, issue.1, pp.52-69, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/09669580208667152

M. Welgemoed, The Professionalization of Guiding to Tourists, 1993.

. Sydney, Centre for Leisure and Tourism Studies

T. W. Whipple and S. V. Et-tach, Group Tour Management: Does Good Service Produce Satisfied Customers?, Journal of Travel Research, vol.27, issue.2, pp.16-21, 1988.
DOI : 10.1177/004728758802700203

A. Wong, Satisfaction with Local Tour Guides in Hong Kong, Pacific Tourism Review, vol.5, pp.59-67, 2001.

S. Wong and E. Et-lau, Understanding the Behavior of Hong Kong Chinese Tourists on Group Tour Packages, Journal of Travel Research, vol.40, issue.1, pp.57-67, 2001.
DOI : 10.1177/004728750104000108

D. Worster, The Shaky Ground of Sustainability, Global Ecology: A New Arena of Political Conflict, pp.132-145, 1993.

Z. G. Wu, Y. Jiao, H. H. Xie, K. K. Zong, and L. L. Et-zhai, A Discussion about Establishing Rational Occupation Mechanism for Tour Guides, Tourism Tribune, vol.18, issue.6, pp.71-76, 2003.

B. H. Wu, H. Zhu, and X. H. Et-xu, Trends in China???s domestic tourism development at the turn of the century, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol.12, issue.5, pp.296-299, 2000.
DOI : 10.1108/09596110010339652

G. R. Zhang, China's Tourism Since 1978: Policies, Experiences, and Lessons Learned, Tourism in China: Geographic, Political, and Economic Perspectives. Boulder, 1995.

H. Q. Zhang and I. Et-chow, Application of importance-performance model in tour guides??? performance: evidence from mainland Chinese outbound visitors in Hong Kong, Tourism Management, vol.25, issue.1, pp.81-91, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00064-5

H. Q. Zhang, K. Chong, and J. Et-ap, An analysis of tourism policy development in modern China, Tourism Management, vol.20, issue.4, pp.471-485, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00020-5

W. Zhang, China's Domestic Tourism: Impetus, Development and Trends, Tourism Management, vol.18, issue.8, pp.565-571, 1997.

Y. Zheng, Réflexion sur la recherche des 30 ans d'histoire du développement touristique en Chine, N°1. Index Signification ATEC Alberta Tourism Education Council (Canada) BNSC Bureau National des Statistiques de Chine BPTH Bureau des Ressources naturelles de la Province du Hainan GPPH Gouvernement du Peuple de la Province du Hainan NTA National Tour Association (Etats-Unis) OMT Organisation Mondiale du Tourisme WCED World Commission en Environment and Development WFTGA World Federation of Tourist Guide Association RESUME?????????????????????????????, 2011.

I. Introduction-au-chapitre, 16 Section 1 -Le tourisme et le développement durable 17 1.1 -La compréhension du concept de développement durable, p.20

.. Et-limites, 27 2.1 -Tourisme durable, principes, Section 2 -Le tourisme durable : définitions, portée, p.31

L. Enjeux and .. Les-limites-du-tourisme-durable, 32 2.2.1 -Les enjeux du tourisme durable, 33 2.2.2 -Les limite du développement de tourisme durable, p.36

.. Du-tourisme-en-chine, 52 3.1 -Le tourisme dans le passé (avant 1840, avant la Guerre de l'Opium), p.60, 1949.

I. Introduction-au-chapitre, 125 Section 1 -Cadre de recherche 126 Section 2 -Le choix du terrain d'étude et ses justifications, 136 2.3 -L'importance des guides touristiques et les problèmes existants lors des visites guidées en Chine, p.144

R. La, 145 3.1 -En amont de l'étude, p.146
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00917489

I. Introduction-au-chapitre, 166 Section 1 -Profils des guides touristiques à 167 Section 2 -Les perspectives locales vis-à-vis des guides touristiques et des visites guidées, p.169

L. Attentes-des-guides-touristiques-et-des-guidages and .. , 173 2.2.1 -Les attentes des guides touristiques, 173 2.2.2 -Les attentes des agences de voyages, p.176

.. Les-caractéristiques-d-'un-bon-guide, 177 2.3.1 -L'avis des guides touristiques, ., p.180

L. Lors-de, 225 4.2.2 -L'influence de la guide sur l'expérience touristique3 -Le niveau de satisfaction relative au service de guidage, p.229

I. Introduction-au-chapitre, 257 Section 1 -Les rôles et les responsabilités des guides touristiques lors des visites guidées, p.266

H. Argent-facile and ». , 283 4.1 -Les guidages centrés sur l 283 4.2 -La pratique du « dumping » dans les voyages de groupe et le système de rémunération injuste pour les guides touristiques 284 4.3 -L'absence de mesures de protection pour assurer les intérêts des guides .. 285 4.4 -L'opportunisme dans les guidages et le manque d'exigences dans la délivrance des certificatsLe manque de professionnalisme et l'approximation des formations, ., p.291